Effects of landscape interaction (area and connectivity) on the presence and abundance of Gonipterus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its parasitoid Anaphes nitens (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

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Published: Dec 29, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26621/ra.v1i33.1036

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LUCÍA VERÓNICA SUQUILLO ROMERO

Abstract

 


Habitat fragmentation influences the distribution and abundance of insects, affecting both pest species and their natural enemies. Reduction in habitat area and loss of connectivity can modify these ecological interactions, although their effect on Gonipterus spp. and its parasitoid Anaphes nitens has not been sufficiently studied. This study aims to determine the effect of landscape interaction (area and connectivity) on the presence and abundance of Gonipterus spp. and A. nitens in fragmented semi-natural landscapes of Pichincha Province, Ecuador.


15 sites were selected along the Andes Mountains, covering a total of 359.78 ha, with an area gradient (0.31–71.22 ha) and a variable connectivity index (1.08–13.36). Habitat area was quantified by digitization in QGIS 3.22.5, and connectivity was calculated using the equation described by Hanski in R Studio 4.4.2, considering the dispersion of Gonipterus spp. Sampling was carried out manually at 20 points per site, collecting adults, larvae and oothecas of Gonipterus spp. in young eucalyptus shoots. The samples were transferred to the laboratory to record the emergence of parasitoids and determine their abundance.


The binomial, Poisson and negative binomial distribution models showed that neither area nor connectivity interact significantly with the presence of the species; however, both factors were statistically significant for the abundance of Gonipterus spp. and A. nitens. When breaking down the abundance of Gonipterus spp. in larvae and adults, a significant interaction between area and connectivity (p = 0.016) was found only in the adult stage. These results are relevant for the management of Gonipterus spp., especially in ecosystems dominated by eucalyptus monocultures.


 


Habitat fragmentation influences the distribution and abundance of insects, affecting both pest species and their natural enemies. Reduction in habitat area and loss of connectivity can modify these ecological interactions, although their effect on Gonipterus spp. and its parasitoid Anaphes nitens has not been sufficiently studied. This study aims to determine the effect of landscape interactions (area and connectivity) on the presence and abundance of Gonipterus spp. and A. nitens in fragmented semi-natural landscapes in Pichincha Province, Ecuador.


Fifteen sites were selected along the Andes Mountains, covering a total of 359.78 ha, with an area gradient (0.31–71.22 ha) and a variable connectivity index (1.08–13.36 ha). The habitat area was quantified by digitizing in QGIS 3.22.5, and connectivity was calculated using the equation described by Hanski in R Studio 4.4.2, considering the dispersal of Gonipterus spp. Sampling was conducted manually at 20 points per site, collecting adults, larvae, and oothecae of Gonipterus spp. from young eucalyptus shoots. The samples were taken to the laboratory to record parasitoid emergence and determine their abundance.


Binomial, Poisson, and negative binomial distribution models showed that neither area nor connectivity interacted significantly with species presence; however, both factors were statistically significant for the abundance of Gonipterus spp. and A. nitens. When Gonipterus spp. abundance was broken down into larvae and adults, a significant interaction between area and connectivity (p = 0.016) was found only in the adult stage. These results are relevant for the management of Gonipterus spp., especially in ecosystems dominated by eucalyptus monocultures.

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How to Cite
SUQUILLO ROMEROL. V. (2025). Effects of landscape interaction (area and connectivity) on the presence and abundance of Gonipterus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its parasitoid Anaphes nitens (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). AXIOMA, 1(33), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.26621/ra.v1i33.1036
Issue
Vol. 1 No. 33 (2025): Revista Científica de docencia, investigación y proyección social
Section
ARTÍCULO CIENTÍFICO
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